The development and application of electrochemical nitric oxide sensor Chen Xiaoxia1,2, Wang Ying 1, Hu Shengshui 1,2 (1 Department of Chemistry, Wuhan university, Wuhan 430072) (2 State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100084,P.R.China) Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in physical and biological function, but there is a challenge to determine it’s concentration in biological system for it’s high spontaneous chemical reactivity, short half-life,low concentration in biological system and easily oxidized by O2。Date fluorescence and electrochemical methods were used to determine the NO concentration directly. Other methods, such as paramagnetic resonance spectrososcopy and UV-visible spectroscopy et al, were indirect. Compared with fluorescence, electrochemical method especially electrochemical sensor due to its simple, sensitivity, excellent selectivity and real time performance was widely used to study NO in biomedicine. This article summarized the development and application of electrochemical sensors developed in recent years form four directions. Key words nitric oxide; electrochemical sensor; development and application 1 引言 大量的实验表明,NO是重要的生物信使分子,参与血管舒张调节、神经传递、炎症与免疫等过程,其广泛分布在脑、血管、肺、生殖等多种器官中, 且与高血压、心肌缺血、动脉硬化、哮喘等许多系统疾病有关。因此,寻找一种快速简便在线检测一氧化氮的方法成为化学与医学界普遍关心的问题。电化学方法尤其是电化学传感器由于其操作简单,灵敏度高,选择性好,又可实现直接检测而广泛应用在生物医学中有关一氧化氮的研究。目前,已有一些一氧化氮电化学传感器投入了市场。综合几年来有关一氧化氮电化学传感器的制备及其在生物医学中的应用,大致可分为以下几方面。
2 直接检测生物体系中存在的一氧化氮
一氧化氮电化学传感器广范应用于生物体中一氧化氮浓度的检测。这些传感器可分为两类:直接检测型传感器和催化检测型传感器。直接检测也是最早用来检测生物体系中一氧化氮的电化学传感器,主要有两种,一类是Shibuki[1]制备的一种传感器。该传感器是由密封在微玻璃管中长150-200m的铂丝,及装在管内的30 mM NaCl和0.3 mM HCl水溶液制备而成(见Figure 1)。二是 Zhang 等人用一氧化氮选择性气体透过聚合膜及一种阳离子交换剂Nafion聚合物修饰碳纤维极制备而成的传感器。2001年该小组[2]用这种传感器首次直接检测到老鼠肾
Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the Clark type NO microsensor developed by Shibiki 脏中一氧化氮浓度,并且检测到其浓度在肾切除过程中高于其正常浓度。另一类催化检测型一氧化氮传感器是基于一些物质自生或者是某些物质的聚合物的催化作用而制备的。最先开始于Malinski 等人[3] 制备的由电聚合镍-四甲基卟啉(NiTMHPP)/Nafion双层复合膜修饰碳纤维电极(=0.8 m, length=6 m)(见 Figure 2)。该传感器响应时间快(<10ms),灵敏度高,检测限约10nM,超过NO浓度20倍的NO2-不影响NO的测定,该电极已成功地应用于猪动脉单个内皮细胞中NO释放的检测。此后,金属卟啉类修饰电极制备的一氧化氮传感器发展迅速, 且已经超微型化、商品化。到目前为止,这类传感器是一种测定生物体系中一氧化氮应用最为广泛的的电化学传感器。1998年Birder等人[4]用卟啉类传感器检测到膀胱上皮细胞在肾上腺素及辣椒素等神经毒素的加入均可引起短暂的一氧化氮的释放,释放量分别是50 nM — 1.4 M 和 50 — 900 nM,说明膀胱上皮细胞与神经细胞一样均可以释放出一氧化氮。2002年Malinsiki小组[5]用(NiTMHPP)/Nafion修饰碳纤维一氧化氮传感器直接测定了不同情况下左心室壁细胞中释放的一氧化氮的含量,结果表明心室壁中心释放的一氧化氮含量最高达1.230.20 M, 最低为0.900.15 M。这个研究结果有利于研究一氧化氮和受损心肌之间的关系。卟啉类电化学传感器还用于了人体血小板[6]、猫骨髓[7]等]其它一些组织[8-9]中一氧化氮的含量的测量。金属酞菁类化合物是与金属卟啉类化合物结构类似的大环化合物,1997年O.Raveh[10]制备了金属酞菁一氧化氮电化学传感器并应用于活体melanoma细胞NO释放的原位检测,取得了良好的效果。除了金属卟啉和金属酞菁类修饰电极制备的一氧化氮电化学传感器外,其他修饰材料制备的电化学传感器也应用于生物体中的一氧化氮的检测。1998年 Park 等人[11]制备的非导电膜修饰电极一氧化氮传感器用于老鼠脑皮细胞中释放一氧化氮的检测,检测信号为422nM和752nM,检测结果证明了Sato等用旋转诱捕法测试的结论,即第一个响应电流是由原生型一氧化氮合酶作用释放出的一氧化氮的氧化,第二个响应电流是诱导型一氧化氮合酶作用产生的一氧化氮的氧化电流。2005年王亚珍等人[12]用多壁碳纳米管修饰碳纤维电极检测了鱼线粒体中一氧化氮的含量(见Figure3)。如图中所示,当传感器插入含有生物样品的PBS溶液后,电流响应增加,300s后达到电流平台,该响应为生物体中内源型L-arg在一氧化氮合酶作用下释放的一氧化氮而引起的。在400s处加入L-arg电流响应继续增加,几百秒后电流达到最大,该响应电流为外源型L-arg在一氧化氮合酶作用下释放一氧化氮的响应电流。总的一氧化氮释放量约为0.4M。
Figure5 Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial cell migration. A: representative recordings (n = 4) of VEGF induced release of NO from cultured endothelial cells. B:dose-response curve of VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration in a Boyden apparatus. * P < 0.05 vs. control (n = 4). C: VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration requires functional NO synthase.
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